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\fancyhead[C]{Divergent evidence on free riding : An experimental examination of possible explanations}


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\begin{document}
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\section*{Isaac, M.R, Walker, J. M. and Thomas, S. H. (1984). Divergent evidence on free riding : An experimental examination of possible explanations. Public Choice}\\\\
\vspace{8pt}

\textit{Screen 1}\\

\begin{center}
 \Large{WELCOME}\\
\end{center}


\noindent This experiment is a study if group and individual exchange behaviour. The instructions are simple, and if you follow them carefully and make good investment decisions, you may earn a CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF MONEY which will be paid to you in cash at the end of the experiment. Various research foundations have provided funds for this research.\\\\\\

\textit{Screen 2}\\

You are a person in a group of 4. \\
\noindent  Each of you will be given an investment account with a specific number of tokens in it. All tokens must be invested to turn them into income.\\

\begin{center}
\Large{HOW TO INVEST:}\\
\end{center}


\noindent There are two ways you can earn money by investing your tokens. Press -NEXT- to find out more about them.\\\\\\

\textit{Screen 3}\\

\begin{center}
    \fbox{
\begin{minipage}{8cm}{\textwidth}
      
\raggedright 1. The INDIVIDUAL EXCHANGE\\\\
          
For each token you invest in the individual exchange you get: 1 cents per token.\\
          
For example:\\
If you invest 55 tokens in the individual exchange, you earn \$0.55.\\

If you invest 140 tokens in the individual exchange, you earn \$1.40.\\

Press NEXT to continue.
\end{minipage}}
\end{center}

\newpage

\textit{Screen 4}\\

\begin{center}
\fbox{
\begin{minipage}{8cm}{\textwidth}
\raggedright 2. The GROUP EXCHANGE\\\\
          
The return on your investment in the group exchange is not so easily determined.\\
Your earnings depend upon the total investment in the group exchange (your invested tokens plus all of the other token invested by the other people in your group).\\

Press NEXT to find out more about the group exchanges: press BACK to review the previous instructions.
\end{minipage}}
\end{center}
\vspace{10pt}




\textit{Screen 5}\\
\begin{center}
\Large{Rules of the Group Exchange}\\
\end{center}

\noindent You and 3 other people are members of a group.\\

When you invest in the group exchange, how much money you get depends on what you do and also on \underline{how much the other group members} invest.\\

\noindent The more the GROUP invest, the more you all get from the \underline{GROUP} exchange.\\

\begin{center}
    In your group, each person has an investment account\\ with a specific number of tokens in it.\\ The group as a while has 248 tokens. You have 62 tokens.
\end{center}
\vspace{8pt}

\noindent When you invest in the group exchange, the tokens you invest are no longer yours. THEY BECOME THE PROPERTY OF THE GROUP !\\

\begin{center}
    Press NEXT.
\end{center}

\newpage


\textit{Screen 6}\\

\noindent The money that the invested tokens earn is also the property of the group. This money is divided up at the end of the period. Each person gets an equal share out every group dollar.\\

\noindent IT DOES NOT MATTER WHO INVEST THE TOKENS IN THE GROUP EXCHANGE. Each dollar is divided up this way.\\

\begin{center}
    Press NEXT.
    \end{center}
\vspace{8pt}   
    

\textit{Screen 7}\\

For example:\\

If you put no tokens in the group exchange, but the other members invest enough to earn \$1.00, you earn 25 cents from the group exchange.\\

If the others invest no tokens in the group exchange, but you put enough for the group to earn \$1.00, you still earn 25 cents from the group exchange.\\

\noindent REMEMBER - how much you and the other group members earn depends on how much \underline{all of you} together put into the group exchange.\\




\noindent Press -NEXT- to see the Payoff Table for the Group Exchange\\
-BACK- to Review\\


\newpage
\textit{Screen 8}\\

\begin {center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
Tokens invested  & Total money earned  & How much  \\
in the GROUP &  by & money \\
exchange by all & THE GROUP & YOU EARN \\ 
group members & \$ & \$ \\
\hline
0 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\
16 & 0.77 & 0.19 \\
32 & 1.48 & 0.37 \\
48 & 2.19 & 0.54 \\
64 & 2.76 & 0.69 \\
80 & 3.33 & 0.83 \\
96 & 3.84 & 0.96 \\
112 & 4.30 & 1.08 \\
128 & 4,71 & 1.18 \\
144 & 5.07 & 1.27 \\
160 & 5.38 & 1.34 \\
176 & 5.63 & 1.41 \\
192 & 5.84 & 1.46 \\
208 & 5.99 & 1.50 \\
224 & 6.09 & 1.52 \\
240 & 6.14 & 1.54 \\
248 & 6.19 & 1.54 \\



 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
    Press NEXT when you are finished.
    \end{center}
\vspace{8pt}


\textit{Screen 9}\\

\noindent Example:\\
\noindent Suppose that the members of the group together invest a total of 128 tokens in the group exchange.\\
\noindent Look in the table at the line beginning in the number of tokens closest to this total. The appropriate values are underlined. (Press \underline{DATA} to view the table.)\\\\\\


\newpage
\textit{Screen 10}\\

\begin {center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
Tokens invested  & Total money earned  & How much  \\
in the GROUP &  by & money \\
exchange by all & THE GROUP & YOU EARN \\ 
group members & \$ & \$ \\
\hline
0 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\
16 & 0.77 & 0.19 \\
32 & 1.48 & 0.37 \\
48 & 2.19 & 0.54 \\
64 & 2.76 & 0.69 \\
80 & 3.33 & 0.83 \\
96 & 3.84 & 0.96 \\
112 & 4.30 & 1.08 \\
\underline{128} & \underline{4,71} & \underline{1.18} \\
144 & 5.07 & 1.27 \\
160 & 5.38 & 1.34 \\
176 & 5.63 & 1.41 \\
192 & 5.84 & 1.46 \\
208 & 5.99 & 1.50 \\
224 & 6.09 & 1.52 \\
240 & 6.14 & 1.54 \\
248 & 6.19 & 1.54 \\



 \hline
\end{tabular}\\


Look to the underlined values.\\
Press NEXT when you are finished.
\end{center}
\vspace{8pt}

\textit{Screen 11}\\

\noindent You saw from the table that the group gets \$4.71 from the exchange. Every group member gets \$1.18 from the exchange.\\
\noindent You would receive \$1.18 from the group exchange. WHETHER OT NOT YOU DEPOSIT ANY OF YOUR TOKENS IN THE EXCHANGE!\\



\noindent Press NEXT to continue; press shift-BACK to review group investment; press BACK to review the table.\\\\\\

\newpage

\textit{Screen 12}\\

\begin{center}
\underline{\Large{Tips on investing}}\\
\end{center}

When you invest, you can divide your tokens in any way you want. That is, you can:\\


    
\begin{itemize} 

          \item[a.] put all of them into the group exchange
          \item[b.] put all of them into the individual exchange
          \item[c.] put some of them into the group exchange and some of them into the individual exchange
 
       \end{itemize}\\\\ 

Press NEXT to continue.
\vspace{8pt}


\textit{Screen 13}\\

\begin{center}
\underline{\Large{STAGES OF INVESTMENT}}
\end{center}

\noindent You will have 10 trials in which you make investment decisions. The profits you make are stored after each Trial and the total profits from all Trials payed to you at the end of the experiment.\\

When you are asked how you want to invest: you may put all, some, or none of your 62 tokens in the group exchange, and put the remaining tokens in the individual exchange. After you and everyone else in your group has had a chance to invest at this first stage, you will be shown how many of the group's 248 tokens have been put in the group exchange, and how many have been put into the individual exchange. You will also be shown your \underline{own} earnings from the group exchange, from the individual exchange, and your total earnings.\\


\begin{center}
Press NEXT to continue.
\end{center}
\vspace{8pt}


\textit{Screen 14}\\
\begin{center}
\Large{Practice Trial 0}
\end{center}

\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{To give you practice in entering your investments, let's go through an example. Your screen will show the same information it will contain in the actual experiment. Only the directions in the box will not be available during the experiment.\\
Press NEXT to continue}}
 
\newpage

\textit{Screen 15}\\

\begin{center}
\Large{Practice Trial 0}
\end{center}

\noindent Press DATA now if you wish to view the profit table,\\
Press NEXT to continue without viewing the table.\\

\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{You will be able to view your earnings from each of the previous TRIALS at the beginning of a new investment TRIAL. Press -DATA- to view the tables now}}
\vspace{8pt}

\textit{Screen 16}\\

TRIAL\\

\begin {center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|p{7cm}}

\hline

\multirow{}{Total Invested} & grp & 0                          \\
\cline{2-3}
& ind & 0   \\
 \hline
 
\end{tabular}
\end{center}\\

TRIAL\\

\begin {center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|p{7cm}}

\hline

\multirow{}{Your profit} & grp & 0.00                           \\
\cline{2-3}
& ind & 0.00   \\
\cline{2-3}
& Total & 0.00  \\
 \hline
 
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\vspace{8pt}

\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{The profit level from each TRIAL will be entered in the table above.\\ Press -BACK-}}\\
\vspace{10pt}


\textit{Screen 17}\\

\begin{center}
\Large{Practice Trial 0}
\end{center}

You have 62 Tokens.\\

\noindent How many tokens do you wish to invest in the group exchange ?   32 ok\\

\noindent How many tokens do you wish to invest in the individual exchange ?    30 ok\\

\noindent If you wish to change your investment decision at this time, press shift-BACK- and redo the investment process. If you are satisfied with your decisions, press NEXT to continue.\\

\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{At this point, you can press shift-BACK- to change your investment decisions for this period. You may do so now if you wish to review the practice trial up to these instructions. If you understand the procedures so far, press NEXT to continue.}}
\vspace{8pt}



\textit{Screen 18}\\


\begin{center}
\Large{Practice Trial 0}
\end{center}


You have 62 Tokens.\\

How many tokens do you wish to invest in the group exchange ?   32 ok\\

How many tokens do you wish to invest in the individual exchange ?    30 ok\\

\noindent You earned \$1.18 from the group exchange.\\
You earned \$0.30 from the individual exchange.\\
Total earnings = \$ 1.48\\

\noindent Total token investment in group exchange = 128\\
Total token investment in individual exchange = 120\\


\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{Press NEXT to go on with the instructions. Press BACK to review the practice trial.}}\\\\\\

\textit{Screen 19}\\
\begin{center}
\textsc{Important Notice}
\end{center}

REMEMBER: At the end of the experiment you receive the sum of your profits from all TRIALS.\\

\begin{center}
    
DO NOT SPEAK TO ANY OTHER PARTICIPANT!

\end{center}
\vspace{8pt}

Press NEXT to continue; press BACK to review the previous page; press shift-BACK to review the entire set of instructions.

\newpage


\textit{Screen 20}\\

\begin{center}
\Large{Comparing Group and Individual EXCHANGE}\\
\end{center}

The \underline{individual} exchange gives you a \underline{sure} return. Also, you have a chance to earn money from the group exchange if any member invest in it.\\

The \underline{group} exchange gives you a chance to make more from your tokens invested. But, the earnings from the Group Exchange will depend on the investment decision of all participants.\\

NOTE: Your individual decision on how much you invest in the private exchange and in the group exchange is not known by the other participants. Only information on total group investment is given to each person.\\

Do not press NEXT until you are ready to enter the experiment. Once you press NEXT you will not be able to review the instructions. Press BACK to review the instructions in reversed order; press shift-BACK- to review the instructions in their entirety; press NEXT only if you understand all of the instructions.
\vspace{8pt}



\textit{Screen 21}\\

\begin{center}
    \Large{ARE YOU SURE} ?
\end{center}

\noindent You will not be able to return to the instructions after leaving this page. If there is any doubt in your mind press BACK.\\

\noindent Once you press NEXT there is no turning back. Press NEXT only of you fully understand the instructions.



\end{document}